During the Fronteiras da Mineração conference, Vale's CFO Gustavo Pimenta highlighted the significant cost, exceeding $1 trillion, to transition mining and steel sectors to zero-carbon industries. He mentioned the availability of solutions like natural gas, hydrogen, and carbon capture, with a focus on the need to scale up and reduce costs for wider adoption, especially in steelmaking where hydrogen currently costs more than it should. Pimenta noted that the transition to zero-carbon technologies will vary among countries, with the US moving faster due to support and subsidies, while China may progress more slowly. He also emphasized the importance of carbon tax in influencing capital allocation and incentivizing producers to shift towards low-carbon alternatives like briquettes. The industry's journey towards sustainability involves addressing challenges in cost, scalability, and gradual adoption of zero-carbon solutions, ultimately guided by regulatory measures like carbon taxes.