Providing sustainable energy solutions amidst a growing global population requires efficient energy storage methods. Electrochemical water splitting (EWS) to generate hydrogen fuel from renewable sources like solar and wind shows promise. The article explores the development of transition metal-based electrocatalysts such as TM tellurides (TMTs) and sulfides (TMSs) as alternatives to expensive platinum for hydrogen evolution reactions. These materials exhibit remarkable stability, high conductivity, and low overpotential, making them attractive for widespread implementation of EWS. Furthermore, the research delves into the use of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) doped with heteroatoms like phosphorus to enhance electrocatalytic performance by creating more active sites. Additionally, the synthesis of a novel CuS–NiTe2/PrGO nanocomposite material is discussed, highlighting its abundant active sites, enhanced conductivity, and strong electronic interactions that contribute to superior hydrogen evolution efficiency. By fine-tuning hydrogen adsorption energy, the composite demonstrates low overpotential and improved reaction kinetics, showcasing its potential for efficient hydrogen production. Overall, the study underscores the importance of innovative electrocatalysts and nanocomposite materials in advancing sustainable technology for energy storage and hydrogen production.