The article discusses innovative solutions for addressing water challenges in urbanizing areas and sustainable energy production. It highlights research on urea synthesis, electrocatalysis, and carbon materials for wastewater treatment and energy generation. Publicly available data on wastewater treatment and energy production solutions can be accessed via Zenodo. Studies on selective recovery of phosphorus and urea from human urine, electrocatalytic synthesis of urea, and reversible capture of ligands showcase progress in sustainable processes. Additionally, advancements in oxygen reduction and hydrogen peroxide production techniques have been made, such as the high-efficiency oxygen reduction catalyzed by oxidized carbon materials and selective electrochemical production of hydrogen peroxide at specific edges of molybdenum telluride nanoflakes. Carbon materials like honeycomb carbon nanofibers and lattice-distorted carbon electrocatalysts demonstrate ultrahigh mass activity for the oxygen reduction reaction. The research emphasizes the significance of developing efficient and stable electrocatalysts for water purification and energy conversion, paving the way for a more sustainable future.