The global transition to clean energy is an essential step in combating climate change, improving energy security, and promoting economic growth. This shift requires a focus on sustainable energy systems, technological advancements, resilient infrastructure, updated regulations, investments, and education. Key minerals and elements are critical for green energy technologies, emphasizing the importance of responsible material management to avoid supply disruptions. Efforts to meet climate targets by 2050 include enhancing extraction of critical materials, supporting resource-efficient product development, and implementing robust recycling programs. The use of low-carbon and zero-carbon fuels like hydrogen is essential in replacing traditional fossil fuels. However, renewable energy technologies demand higher mineral inputs, necessitating responsible sourcing and recycling practices. Technological advances and digitalization are enhancing energy sector efficiency and sustainability, requiring critical materials for smart grids, IoT, and energy management systems. To ensure a successful energy transition, it is vital to establish sustainable supply chains and address geopolitical dynamics in resource security.