J. Doyne Farmer, the director of the complexity economics program at the Institute for New Economic Thinking in Oxford, highlights the inevitable decline of fossil fuels and the promising future of renewable energy technologies. He emphasizes that solar panels, lithium batteries, and wind turbines have become exponentially more affordable, following a predictable trend of technological improvement. Unlike fossil fuels and nuclear power, which have seen little cost reduction over the years, renewable energy technologies are projected to continue getting cheaper and more efficient. The global deployment of these technologies is expected to follow an S curve pattern, increasing exponentially before leveling out. This trend suggests that key technologies like solar, wind, batteries, and green-hydrogen-based fuels will play a dominant role in the energy system within the next two decades, especially in sectors that are challenging to decarbonize. The transition to renewable energy is not only environmentally beneficial but also economically viable, with future savings surpassing initial investments. Farmer stresses the importance of early investments and supportive policies to expedite the energy transition and achieve long-term economic and environmental benefits.