The article discusses the significance of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) as a promising energy conversion technology in the context of renewable energy sources. PEMFCs are highlighted for their high efficiency, low operating temperatures, and environmentally friendly operation due to water being the only byproduct. However, accurate determination of model parameters is crucial for enhancing system efficiency, design, and control measures in PEMFCs. The electrochemical reactions within PEMFCs are detailed, emphasizing the importance of controlling reactant gases, humidity levels, and temperature for efficient functioning. The article delves into the categorization of fuel cells based on electrolyte type and initialization times, with a focus on the efficiency and reliability of PEM fuel cells. Furthermore, the article stresses the importance of designing and testing fuel cell models prior to installation and the development of models to represent fuel cell characteristics. Various optimization methods, such as metaheuristic algorithms, are explored for estimating uncertain parameters and optimizing fuel cell models. Recent advancements in gas channel architectures and flow field configurations are discussed, showcasing how these innovations contribute to improving PEMFC performance. The integration of new designs and parameter estimation methodologies demonstrates the ongoing efforts to enhance the efficiency and real-world applicability of PEMFCs.