Enhancing Engine Performance with Liquid Hydrogen in Aircraft: A Study on Heat Management
Key Ideas
  • The APPU concept in aircraft engines, utilizing liquid hydrogen, shows promise in reducing kerosene consumption and emissions through boundary-layer ingestion.
  • Cryogenic hydrogen is employed to cool high-temperature engine components, boosting thermal efficiency by increasing the lower heating value.
  • Analysis of various scenarios revealed that intercooling with pressure ratio optimization resulted in the highest efficiency gain (3.6%), surpassing other methods like raising turbine inlet temperature.
  • Maximizing heat extraction by hydrogen was emphasized to be crucial in achieving efficiency benefits, indicating the potential of liquid hydrogen in enhancing engine performance.
A study conducted at the Faculty of Aerospace Engineering in Delft focused on the heat management and performance improvement of aircraft engines by integrating liquid hydrogen. The concept involved replacing the APU of the A321neo with an Auxiliary Power and Propulsion Unit (APPU) powered by a hydrogen-based turboshaft system with boundary-layer ingestion. The use of cryogenic hydrogen served the dual purpose of cooling high-temperature engine parts and preheating the hydrogen to enhance thermal efficiency through an increased lower heating value. By analyzing different scenarios such as cooling bleed air, raising turbine inlet temperature, and intercooling the core flow with varying compressor pressure ratios, researchers found that intercooling with an optimized pressure ratio led to the highest efficiency gain of 3.6%. This method outperformed alternatives like raising TIT (0.7% efficiency gain) and reducing bleed flow (0.2% efficiency gain). The study underscored the importance of maximizing heat extraction by hydrogen to achieve the greatest efficiency benefits. Despite challenges at high operational pressure ratios, the results showcased the potential of liquid hydrogen in significantly enhancing engine performance, particularly through intercooling with pressure ratio optimization.
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