Artificial photosynthesis (AP) has emerged as a promising solution to the global challenge of sustainable energy generation. Mimicking natural photosynthesis, AP utilizes photoelectrochemical cells (PECs) to convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into chemical fuels. This review delves into the components of PEC systems, including photoanodes, photocathodes, and molecular catalysts, highlighting their roles in improving efficiency and stability. Materials like ruthenium oxide and molybdenum disulfide have shown potential in driving water oxidation and hydrogen evolution reactions, though challenges in cost and scalability persist. The review explores advancements in AP research, emphasizing the importance of optimizing catalysts and system design for enhanced performance. Strategies such as protective coatings, earth-abundant catalysts, and computational tools are discussed to overcome existing barriers in artificial photosynthesis. By focusing on efficiency and sustainability, AP technologies aim to revolutionize energy generation and address global environmental concerns.